![]() All Plasmodium species lead to the rupture of erythrocytes. The first phase of Plasmodium asexual development occurs in the hepatocytes, and then in the erythrocytes. The parasite, in the form of sporozoite, after a bite by an infected female mosquito, enters the human blood and after half an hour of blood circulation, enters the hepatocytes. Human malaria is transmitted only by female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. ![]() The asexual phase of the life cycle occurs in humans, the intermediate host for malaria. In the vectors, mosquitoes, the sexual phase of the parasite’s life cycle occurs. The Plasmodium life cycle is very complex and takes place in two phases sexual and asexual, the vector mosquitoes and the vertebrate hosts. Likewise, all species have similar morphology and biology. All the mentioned Plasmodium species cause the disease commonly known as malaria (Latin for Malus aer-bad air). In South-East Asia, the zoonotic malaria P.knowlesi is recorded. malariae, P.falciparum, P.vivax, P.ovale, and P.knowlesi. Of the 172 of Plasmodium species, five species can infect humans. Parasites on different vertebrates some in red blood cells, and some in tissue. The genus Plasmodium is an amoeboid intracellular parasite which accumulates malaria pigment (an insoluble metabolite of hemoglobin). Some of the Plasmodium species cause disease in human. The causative agent of malaria is a small protozoon belonging to the group of Plasmodium species, and it consists of several subspecies. Different studies showed that the prevalence of malaria parasite infection has increased since 2015. The malaria mortality rate globally ranges from 0.3–2.2%, and in cases of severe forms of malaria in regions with tropical climate from 11–30%. Malaria is the most common disease in Africa and some countries in Asia with the highest number of indigenous cases. This burden of morbidity and mortality is a result of more than a century of global effort and research aimed at improving the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of malaria. Malaria affected an estimated 219 million people causing 435,000 deaths in 2017 globally. It is moving towards targets established by the WHO, but that progress has slowed down. However, in the last few years, there has been an increase in the number of malaria cases around the world. ![]() Globally, the burden of malaria is lower than ten years ago. The World Health Organization carries out a malaria control program on a global scale, focusing on local strengthening of primary health care, early diagnosis of the disease, timely treatment, and disease prevention. A global battle against malaria started in 1955, and Croatia declared 1964 to be the year of eradication of malaria. Much later, quinine started being used as an antimalaria drug. The sweet sagewort plant was used as early as the second century BC to treat malaria fever in China. It is the most common disease in Africa and some countries of Asia, while in the developed world malaria occurs as imported from endemic areas. Malaria remains the leading cause of mortality around the world, and early diagnosis and fast-acting treatment prevent unwanted outcomes. Malaria is a severe disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium, which is transmitted to humans by a bite of an infected female mosquito of the species Anopheles. ![]()
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